The representation of refuge and migration in the online media in Brazil and abroad : a Cognitive Linguistics analysis

The present study aims at mapping how the situation of refuge and migration is represented metaphorically in the Brazilian online media. From the data collected, we will establish comparisons between the representations that were found. An approach that contemplates the frame study employed in the media allows us to observe that verbal and nonverbal resources, metaphorical sentences and lexical items are constituted into discursive frames. We intend todiscuss how the migrant and the refugee are represented in the Brazilian online media. Some questions we will investigate are: What are the discourses on the reception of refugees and migrants? Which discourses on the integration of refugees and migrants are broadcasted? From these questions, we will examine how such categories compose the image of the migrant and the refugee. The corpus used was based on the news of the online newspaper Folha de São Paulo from June, 2015, seen as it was in this month that the so called “refugee crisis” occurred in Europe. The gathering and analysis were done with the help of two free softwares: Notepad++, that allows the user to save texts in txt format, and Antconc, that enables the analysis of several txt files through tools that are used in Corpus Linguistics. The concordance lines obtained by inserting a word of choice in AntConc’s concordancer were then analyzed manually through Cameron’s (2010) Metaphor-led Discourse Analysis. A larger objective will be to identify which metaphorical frames are used in the migrant’s and refugee’s media representation and what are their social implications. Such frames contribute to organize and potentialize the discourse about the Other (BRUNO, 2016). Key-words: Metaphor; Cognitive Linguistics; Corpus Linguistics; Refuge; Immigration. Resumo: Este estudo busca mapear como a situação de refúgio e migração são representadas metaforicamente na mídia online brasileira. A partir dos dados coletados, serão estabelecidas comparações entre as representações encontradas. Uma abordagem que contemple o estudo de frames empregados na mídia permitenos observar que recursos verbais e não-verbais, sentenças e itens lexicais metafóricos são constituídos em frames discursivos. Pretendemos discutir como o migrante e o refugiado são representados na mídia online brasileira. Algumas questões que investigaremos são: Quais são os discursos sobre a recepção de refugiados e imigrante? Quais são os discursos veiculados sobre a integração de refugiados e migrantes? A partir dessas perguntas, nós examinaremos como tais categorias compõem a imagem do migrante e do refugiado. O corpus utilizado baseou-se em notícias do jornal online Folha de São Paulo no mês de junho de 2015, dado que nesse mês ocorreu a chamada “crise dos refugiados” na Europa. A coleta e análise foram feitas com dois softwares gratuitos: Notepad++, que permite que o usuário salve textos em formato txt, e o AntConc, que permite a análise de vários arquivos txt através de ferramentas da Linguística do Corpus. As linhas de concordância obtidas ao inserir-se uma palavra de escolha no concordanciador do AntConc foram, então, analisadas manualmente através da Análise do discurso guiada por metáforas proposta por Cameron (2010). Um objetivo futuro será identificar quais frames metafóricos são utilizados para representar o refugiado e o migrante na mídia e quais são as suas implicações sociais. Tais frames contribuem para organizar e realçar o discurso sobre o Outro (BRUNO, 2016). Palavras-chave: Metáfora; Linguística Cognitiva; Linguística de Corpus; Refúgio; Imigração. Recebido em 14 de Outubro de 2017 Aceito em 07 de Dezembro de 2017 Autor para contato: lucianeufmg@gmail.com Ferreira, L. C.; Flister, C. V.; Morosini, C. Signo [ISSN 1982-2014]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 42, n. 75, p. 59-66, set./dez. 2017. http://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/signo


Introduction
Nowadays migration is talked about as a 'wave' or a 'tsunami', using a metaphorical frame of NATURAL DISASTERS (CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004;MUSSOLF, 2011;HART, 2015).Another frame used is WAR, for instance people talk about an 'invasion' according to which the migrants are those who occupy a new space -they are portrayed as 'invaders'.The way through which the media represents refugees and migrants plays an important role in the reception and perception of this group in the new country.Migration and refuge are usually forced by adverse conditions, such as wars or meteorological phenomena, and those groups need protection and integration in their new countries.There are currently twenty forced displaced refugees perminute in the world and there are 65 million and 600 thousand refugees worldwide.
In Brazil there were officially about 10,000 refugees in 2016 but unofficially these figures could reach 35,700.
However, this number is about to increase with the political and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela.
According to a recent UN report, the number of "citizens of interest for international protection" in Brazil has reached 68,000 people, that is, it has Corpus linguistics allow us to collect a large amount of data with the use of specific tools (DEIGNAN, 2005), in this case we used the tool AntConc.The results of a search using corpus linguistics methodology are examples of language in use which allow us to make generalizations about how language works in order to conceptualize a phenomenon.
The gathering and analysis were done with the help of two free software: Notepad++, that allows the user to save texts in txt format, and Antconc, that enables the analysis of several txt files through tools that are used in Corpus Linguistics.Afterwards, we examined the concordance lines with the data using Metaphor-led Discourse Analysis (CAMERON et al. 2009), through which metaphors and metonymies are analyzed manually..An approach that addresses the study of frames used by the media allows us to observe that verbal and nonverbal resources, i.e. images, metaphorical statements and lexical items are constituted into discursive frames (RITCHIE, 2010;RITCHIE;CAMERON, 2014;HART, 2015), which mostly reflect circulating stories and stereotypes in society.An analysis of the experiential domains (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 2003) found in the data has been performed, focusing on verbal metaphors.

Metaphors and metaphorical frames
We assume that by using metaphorical frames the media discourse can contribute to the construction of a determined discursive representation of a certain social group.We intend to investigate which frames Signo [ISSN 1982[ISSN -2014]] , 1980/2002, 1999;CAMERON et al, 2009).Through this analysis, we seen to describe the socio-discursive representations of the refugees and migrants that emerge in the media.

Results and corpus analysis
Results with the search of REFUG* Mapping: REFUGEES ARE GOODS (7) migration" which demanded of members of the union to share 7 40,000 refugees according to 7 predetermined quotes .All in all, the data presented here, which have been collected with support of corpus linguistics methodology, reveal how migration and refuge are portrait in the Brazilian online media, in this case in the daily online edition of the newspaper Folha de São Paulo, as a phenomenon with negative polarity which has some specific characteristics: it has its own driving force gearing it and it cannot be stopped.

Final remarks
The goal of this study was to give a contribution to the field of metaphor studies from a Brazilian Beyond contributing to an approach on the theme of migration and refuge from a linguistic perspective, this study also aims at having a social impact, since, by analyzing the discursive representation of the migrant and of the refugee in the online media through the use of metaphorical frames, we are also contributing to enlighten the various perspectives and intentions of each political position represented by these discourses.
doubled in 2017.Haitians are not considered refugees in Brazil but since the 2010 earthquake they receive a humanitarian visum and can stay and work legally in Brazil 1 .Apart from refugees from Venezuela, Cuba, Angola, 1 Syria and Congo, Brazil has also a considerable group of African immigrants from Senegal in the Southeast and South who are shaping the community life.The goal of this study is to map how the situation of refuge and migration is represented metaphorically on the Brazilian media in the case of Folha de São Paulo, one of the most important daily newspapers in the country, through metaphoric frames.Using this data, we intend to draw a comparison among these representations.Thus, we intend to discuss how migrants and refugees are represented in the Brazilian online media.Some questions we intend to address are: Which frames 1 http://bit.ly/2ktEcAoappeared on the media about the arrival of refugees and migrants?Which metaphorical frames are employed in the representations of migrants and refugees in the online media in Brazil?Why and what are their implications?Departing from these questions, we intend to examine how such categories compose the migrant's and the refugee's representation.This is a quali-quantitative study, the data has been collected manually in Brazilian media and treated with support of corpus linguistics methodology.
perspective and also to shed some light on the phenomenon of migration and refuge in Brazil and worldwide.In the newspaper Folha de São Paulo in15 O Executivo de Canberra tem uma ferrenha política contra a imigração ilegal que inclui obrigar as embarcações a retornar a seus pontos de embarque e a detenção dos imigrantes em terceiros países enquanto se processam suas solicitações de asilo, que, se forem aceitas, implica uma realocação em um terceiro país, mas não a Austrália.FSP-01-06-2015 16 iderados "vulneráveis" e colocados sob a proteção da prefeitura.Outros 46 imigrantes, porém, foram levados a centros de detenção e devem ser (FSP-09-06-2015.txt)17dos]", explica Assunção.O cofundador também ressalta as dificuldades dos imigrantes serem reinseridos na sociedade.Apesar de ter dominado a língua (FSP-12-06-2015.txt)June 2015 we gather some evidence that migration and refuge are described in terms of GOODS, NATURAL DISASTER, and migrants are described as CRIMINALS.They are represented in groups as an object that can be sent somewhere and distributed into different places.Both immigrants and refugees are conceptualized as natural phenomena with a negative image which can damage the environment such as a wave and a flood.In a worse case scenario, refugees and migrants were conceptualized as criminals, especially because the lexical items employed to refer to the way the governments treat them is the same, so refugees and migrants are detained in detention centers and distributed into different places.The use of those lexical items could reveal how are the conditions under which refugees are kept when they finally arrive at the safe destination in Europe.
http://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/signoMeaning is embodied(GIBBS, 2006; LAKOFF,   1987; GIBBS/ FERREIRA, 2011), motivated by our experiences in the environment we live in.Our experiences guide the way we act in the world and, consequently, our language use.The Conceptual Metaphor Theory, widespread from the 1980 Metaphors we live by book by Lakoff and Johnson, presents the idea that thought is structured, in great part, by metaphors.Therefore, metaphorical and metonymic processes hypothetically motivate cognitive and cultural models that structure individual and shared behaviors.Metaphor/metonymy is the result of the speaker's interaction with the surrounding environment and of the way in which his sensorymotor system interacts with objects and people in the world, that is why it is socio-culturally situated (ROMANO, 2014).We must conceive language usage in the form of metaphors, metonymies, image schemas and gestures, as elements that integrate complex systems in which neurophysiological, psychological, ecological and sociocultural factors interact dynamically (GIBBS/ CAMERON, 2008).By inviting the authorities to speak to the community in an informal meeting with the police, the authors showed how this meeting failed due to the usage of contradictory and conflicting frames in the discussions.One speaker (Pastor Hardy) rejects a racial framing of the events being discussed and favors a human rights frame (RITCHIE/ CAMERON, 2014: 210).The pastor's speech reveals how questions related to social status, such as economic status and the area where the victims live in Portland, for instance, if it is a poor neighborhood or not, are important elements that can make a victim more vulnerable to police violence.metaphoricalframing of WAR, an epidemic or the dissemination of parasites that spread diseases.Therefore, it is not surprising that such metaphorical frames occur in the media in several languages (cf.GRUBER, in print).Signo [ISSN 1982-2014].Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 42, n. 75, p. 59-66, set./dez.2017.http://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/signo 5pping: REFUGEES ARE CRIMINALS) On the other hand, WATER metaphors imply that the immigrants are inanimate and do not have motives, intentions and volition.It also means that the territory, also a CONTAINER metaphor, where the flow is streaming to has a limited capacity of storage (HART, 2002).3"aSérviapode usar o fluxo de refugiados para povoar a região."(FSP,11.08.1995) 4 "Os EUA estão devolvendo ao Haiti os refugiados que não têm como provar que têm direito a asilo político."(FSP,07.01.1995) 5 After WWII Argentina received many refugee Nazis from Eichman to the latest captured recently in Bariloche (Ernst Priebke) (Mapping: REFUGEES ARE CRIMINALS) Besides being easily accessible, the online newspaper FSP offers an advantage that is the access to all editions through a simple search interface.Thus, we consider that our corpus is Signo [ISSN 1982-2014].Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 42, n. 75, p. 59-66, set./dez.2017.http://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/signothatallowsaquantitative research through the analysis of a large amount of data (DEIGNAN, 2005).Those results based upon a systematic metaphorical occurence in a large amount of data allows us to make reliable assertions on language use.However, They do not fulfill the requirements to be classified as refugees and will be sent back to their countries of ( FSP , 06.06.2015b) 10 7 Metaphorical expressions are in bold and underlined.8Migração",que pedia aos membros da união que partilhassem 40 mil refugiados , conforme cotas predeterminadas.A ideia de cotas foi rapidament (FSP-27-06-2015.txt)o estabelecimento de cotas de asilo para a distribuição dos refugiados durante os próximos dois anos e se comprometeram a concretizar (FSP-26-06-2015b.txt)64 Signo [ISSN 1982-2014].Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 42, n. 75, p. 59-66, set./dez.2017.http://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/signo(9) of poverty."Se essa é sua ideia da Europa, fiquem (FSP-26-06-2015d.txt) 13ocidental, tem essa capacidade.A Europa enfrenta sua própria crise migratória .Mais de 1.700 migrantes da África e do Oriente Médio morreram (FSP-06-06-2015b.txt) 14líderes consideraram que esses países já suportam uma forte pressão migratória , disse o presidente do Conselho Europeu, Donald Tusk.Os 28 paí (FSP-26-06-2015b.txt)Signo [ISSN 1982-2014].Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 42, n. 75, p. 59-66, set./dez.2017.http://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/signo